To provide a scientific basis for screening the optimal time and intensity of post-sowing compaction for foxtail millet, an indoor pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of four compaction times [0 d (A1), 1 d (A2), 2 d (A3), and 3 d (A4) after sowing] and five compaction intensities [0 (T0), 0.25 (T1), 0.50 (T2), 0.75 (T3), and 1.00 kg/cm² (T4)] on the emergence rate of dryland foxtail millet and soil physical properties. The results showed that the emergence rate of foxtail millet was the highest in the A1T3 treatment, reaching 80.77%, an increase of 28.57% compared to the A1T0 treatment. The emergence time was the shortest in the A1T3 treatment, lasting around five days. As the compaction intensity increased, the total soil porosity of all treatments gradually decreased, the soil bulk density gradually increased, and the deviation value of the soil three-phase ratio gradually decreased. Compared to the A1T0 combination, the total soil porosity in the A1T3 combination decreased by 17.67%, the bulk density increased by 62.96%, and the deviation value of the three-phase ratio decreased by 17.48%. In conclusion, immediate post-sowing compaction with an intensity of 0.75 kg/cm² (A1T3) resulted in the best emergence quality of foxtail millet.

To elucidate the effects of nitrogen application rate and N-P-K ratio on the source-sink characteristics of small-seed hybrid rice, a field experiment was conducted using the small-seed hybrid rice variety Zhuoliangyou 0985 as material. The experiment involved four nitrogen application levels [120 (N1), 150 (N2), 180 (N3), and 210 kg/ha (N4)] and three NPK ratios [1.0:0.5:0.8 (F1), 1.0:0.5:1.0 (F2), and 1.0:1.0:1.0 (F3)]. The results showed that leaf area index (LAI), high-efficiency LAI, relative content of chlorophyll (SPAD values), and dry matter accumulation increased with increasing nitrogen application rate. There were no significant differences between N3 and N4 treatments, but both were significantly higher than the N1 treatment. Among different N-P-K ratios, the F3 treatment generally resulted in higher values, though the differences were not significant. Total spikelets and total sink capacity increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, and the available filled ratio of sink capacity followed the order of N1 > N3 > N2 > N4. Under different N-P-K ratios, the effective filling degree of sink capacity was generally the highest in F2, though the difference was not significant. Effective panicles increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, while the number of grains per panicle initially increased and then decreased. Both seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, but these differences did not reach a significant level. Yield showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen application, with the N3 treatment producing the highest yield. Among the interaction treatments, N3F2 achieved the highest yield, followed by N3F1. Correlation analysis indicated that LAI, high-efficiency LAI, leaf SPAD value, dry matter accumulation, total spikelets, total sink capacity, and effective panicles were extremely significantly and positively correlated with yield. The available filled ratio of sink capacity and seed-setting rate were negatively correlated with yield, while the number of grains per panicle was significantly and positively correlated with yield. No significant correlations were found between 1000-grain weight, grain-leaf ratio, and yield. Under the conditions of this experiment, N3F1 was considered the optimal treatment for Zhuoliangyou 0985. It had a relatively large leaf area, a high number of grains per panicle, a large sink capacity, and a high available filled ratio of sink capacity, with a moderate grain-leaf ratio, which coordinated source-sink relationship and achieved the dual effects of fertilizer saving and yield increase.

To elucidate the proteomic response mechanism of potato to a pathogenic toxin Thaxtomin A (TA), causing common scab, this study was conducted using the potato cultivar Kexin 19 as the experimental material. Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics technology was employed to analyze the differential proteomes of potato leaves treated with the toxin and a control group. A total of 130 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, including 80 up-regulated and 50 down-regulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the DEPs were significantly enriched in biological processes such as defense response, plant MAPK signaling pathway, S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. This reveals that the response of potato to the scab toxin involves a complex physiological and biochemical regulatory network. Through protein-protein interaction network analysis, the core protein M1ASG7 with the highest connectivity was screened out. Additionally, two up-regulated DEPs, M02PK2 and M1A0Y3, were found in its metabolic pathway, all of which are closely related to the regulation of cellular metabolism.

To investigate the effects of priming treatments on the germination and physiological characteristics of wheat seeds and to screen the optimal priming method for wheat seeds with low germination ability, Jimai 325 seeds with a germination rate of 32.67% after artificial aging treatment were used as the research object. Nine priming agents from three categories, including PEG 6000, gibberellic acid (GA₃), and Vitamin B₁ (VB₁), were applied at different concentrations for soaking durations of 8 h, 16 h, and 24 h. The study examined the effects of various priming treatments on germination indicators, such as germination potential, germination rate, germination index, electrical conductivity, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). The results showed that all priming treatments significantly enhanced the germination capacity of aged wheat seeds. The priming agents had significant impacts on germination potential, germination rate, and germination index, with VB₁ and VB₂ showing the best priming effects. As the priming time was extended, the germination potential, germination rate, and germination index of wheat seeds all significantly increased, with the effects of 16 h and 24 h being significantly better than those of 8 h. By measuring the leachate electrical conductivity and the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT for priming combinations that increased the germination rate to over 85%, it was determined that soaking in 0.08% VB₁ for 16 h is the optimal priming method for Jimai 325 wheat seeds with an initial germination rate of 32.67%.

To identify suitable plant growth regulators in flax production, enhance lodging resistance and increase yield, different levels of paclobutrazol [975 (D1), 1125 (D2), 1275 g/ha (D3)], uniconazole [750 (X1), 900 (X2), 1050 g/ha (X3)] and chlormequat [1200 (A1), 1800 (A2), 2400 mL/ha (A3)] were applied. The changes of plant growth and development, lodging resistance, seed yield and related traits of flax at different levels were studied with clear water as control (CK). The results showed that spraying three plant growth regulators affected the main agronomic traits of flax. Compared with CK, the number of effective branches of D1 treatment decreased, and the number of effective branches and the number of effective capsules per plant of A1 treatment were lower than those of CK. There was no significant difference in root length among the treatments. The root diameter of A2 treatment was significantly higher than that of CK, and the number of seeds per capsule of each treatment was lower than that of CK. The yield per plant of X2 and A2 treatments was significantly higher than that of CK, and the 1000-grain weight of D1 treatment was significantly lower than that of CK. The plant height and center of gravity height of X3 treatment decreased the most, which were 13.63% and 10.34%, respectively. The stem diameter of each treatment was increased compared with CK, and the D2 treatment increased the most, which was 17.5%. There was no significant difference in yield between any treatment and CK. The stem breaking resistance of A2 treatment was significantly higher than that of CK, and there was no significant difference between the other treatments and the control. The lodging index of each treatment was lower than that of CK, except for D1 and D2 treatments, the other treatments were significantly different.The correlation analysis showed that the effective number of capsules per plant, effective branch number, breaking resistance and root diameter were significantly correlated with the yield per plant, and the fresh weight and crown weight were significantly correlated with the lodging index. Through comprehensive analysis, uniconazole was better than chlormequat, chlormequat was better than paclobutrazol, and uniconazole 900 g/ha had better effect in flax production.

To clarify the relationship between high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) composition and quality traits in newly developed wheat varieties (lines) in the Southern Huang-Huai Wheat Region, a total of 93 newly developed wheat varieties (lines) from this region were used as materials. The HMW-GS composition was identified using SDS-PAGE, and their distribution and quality characteristics were systematically analyzed in conjunction with grain quality traits. The results showed that nine subunit types were detected across the three Glu-1 loci, specifically, subunits 1 (72.04%) and Null (27.96%) at the Glu-A1 locus; subunits 7+9 (64.52%), 7+8 (30.11%), and 14+15 (5.38%) at the Glu-B1 locus; and subunits 2+12 (37.63%), 5+12 (32.26%), 5+10 (29.03%), and 2+10 (1.08%) at the Glu-D1 locus. Among the 15 identified subunit combinations, the most frequent combination was 1/7+9/2+12 (19.35%), while the frequency of the combination 1/7+8/5+10 was 8.60%. Based on quality traits, the tested materials were clustered into three groups, with Group I, Group II, and Group III accounting for 47.3%, 17.2%, and 35.5%, respectively. Group III exhibited the best performance across all quality indicators such as protein content, water absorption rate, and wet gluten content; the frequencies of subunits 14+15, 7+8, and 5+10 in group III were 6.06%, 36.36%, and 30.30%, respectively. Varieties (lines) carrying the pedigree of two founder parents, Yumai 2 and Zhou 8425B, accounted for 70.96% of the tested materials. Eight varieties such as Zhengmai 366, Xinmai 26, Jimai 44, and Fumai 916, were screened for carrying high-quality subunits and combinations. These results provide a theoretical basis for parent selection in wheat quality breeding in the Southern Huang-Huai Wheat Region and serve as an important reference for further optimizing HMW-GS composition and improving wheat quality.

As a commonly used bulk medicinal material in China, Astragalus membranaceus has seen increasing demand in recent years. However, the breeding and propagation of superior varietals are relatively weak, and currently cultivated varietals are inconsistent in quality and suffer from severe degeneration. Therefore, the breeding of superior strains of A.membranaceus is crucial for promoting the high-quality and sustainable development of the industry. In this study, using field-cultivated A. membranaceus as material, three new strains were bred from 2013 to 2023 using the “mass selection method” of systematic breeding based on agronomic traits such as stem color, pod characteristics, seed characteristics, and the number of leaflets. A systematic comparative analysis was conducted on their agronomic traits and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The results showed that strains 13-1 and 13-2 had green stems and pods, while 13-3 had anthocyanins-purple stems and light red pods. Strain 13-2 had the highest number of leaflets (27.9) and seeds (4.5). The fresh root yield of strain 13-2 was greater than that of 13-1 and 13-3 in the Weiheyanchuan and Beishan ecological areas; however, the yield of 13-3 was greater than that of 13-2 and 13-1 in the Southern Eryinshan area. Moreover, the disease incidence of 13-2 was lower than that of the other two strains in all three ecological areas. Additionally, 13-2 had the highest content of extracts and astragaloside IV, with the content of calycosin- 7-O-glucoside 2.6 times that specified in the Pharmacopoeia of the Peopleʼs Republic of China. Comprehensive analysis indicates that 13-2 performs better in agronomic traits, APIs, yield, and disease resistance, and has potential for application and promotion. This study also lays a foundation for the breeding of superior new varietals of A.membranaceus by providing germplasm material.

Microbial agents are a novel type of fertilizer that can promote the growth and development of plant roots, and they have an important impact on improving nutrient absorption and yield formation in crops. However, their effects on rice grain quality remain unclear. This study used two conventional japonica rice varieties, Nanjing 9108 and Huaidao 5, as experimental materials to investigate the effects of two microbial agents of Bacillus subtilis (BS) and Trichoderma harzianum (TH) on rice grain quality under field cultivation conditions. The results showed that compared with the treatment without microbial agent (CK), the application of the BS and TH had no significant effect on the processing quality of rice. However, the BS treatment reduced the chalkiness rate by 5.5%-5.7% in Nanjing 9108 and 6.3%-7.2% in Huaidao 5, with a slightly decrease in chalkiness degree. The TH treatment significantly reduced the chalkiness rate by 7.7%-12.0% in Nanjing 9108 and 9.3%-11.1% in Huaidao 5, while the chalkiness degree decreased significantly by 10.3%-10.6% and 12.4%-12.5%, respectively. In a two-year experiment, the BS treatment decreased the taste value of two varieties to varying degrees, while the TH treatment increased it, reaching a significant level in 2022. Additionally, after microbial agent application, the amylose content of the rice decreased, while gel consistency and protein content increased. The peak viscosity and breakdown value of rice flour increased, whereas the setback value decreased. In conclusion, the application of B. subtilis and T. harzianum microbial agents contributed to improving the appearance and nutritional quality of rice. Furthermore, T. harzianum also enhanced the taste value of rice.

To clarify the alleviating effect of auxin regulators on low-temperature stress at seedlings stage of soybean, the variety Kennong 18 was used as the test material, and seed coating with sodium naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA-Na), potassium indolebutyrate (IBA-K), and their mixture were adopted as the treatment. From the perspectives of morphological phenotype, antioxidant defense and osmotic regulation, the alleviating effect of NAA-Na and IBA-K on the growth and yield of soybean under low temperature stress was investigated. The results showed that the coating treatment with NAA-Na and IBA-K could reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the production rate of superoxide anion (O₂^-. ), and significantly decrease the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde. The osmotic regulation ability of soybean seedlings was enhanced, and the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline increased. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase were enhanced, and the ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle was promoted, thereby alleviating the damage of low-temperature stress to soybean seedlings. The dry matter accumulation in the aboveground and root parts of soybean seedlings increased. The adverse effects of low temperature stress on soybean yield were mitigated, and the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, and the seed weight per plant were significantly increased.

To investigate the characteristics of aerial roots in maize inbred lines with different genetic backgrounds and their relationship with lodging resistance, 56 maize inbred lines were used as experimental materials. Eight aerial root traits were comprehensively analyzed using correlation analysis, path analysis, and cluster analysis. Stalk anti-thrust was measured using a plant stem strength tester as an evaluation index for lodging resistance, and the relationship between aerial root traits and lodging resistance was analyzed. The results showed that the coefficients of variation (CV) for all aerial root traits were relatively large, with the CV of the aerial root angle being the largest (31.70%) and that of the aerial root emergence time being the smallest (10.77%). Among the aerial root traits, all except emergence time and puncture resistance exhibited significant correlations with one another. Specifically, the number of aerial roots and the aerial root anchoring radius were highly significantly and positively correlated with stalk anti-thrust, with correlation coefficients of 0.560 and 0.522, respectively. Additionally, aerial root puncture resistance and the number of aerial root tiers also showed significant positive correlations with stalk anti-thrust. Path analysis indicated that both the direct and indirect effects of the number of aerial roots and the aerial root anchoring radius on the lodging resistance evaluation indicators were relatively large. Therefore, strengthening the selection and improvement of these two traits in lodging resistance breeding would help enhance the lodging resistance of maize varieties. Cluster analysis classified the tested inbred lines into four groups. Inbred lines in Group II, such as Xun M6968 and LH190, were characterized by high mean values for both stalk anti-thrust and aerial root traits, providing a germplasm foundation for the breeding of new lodging-resistant varieties.